Temperature, ordering, and equilibrium with time-dependent confining forces

From the cover: temperature, ordering, and equilibrium with time-dependent confining forces.

The concepts of temperature and equilibrium are not well defined in systems of particles with time-varying external forces. An example is a radio frequency ion trap, with the ions laser cooled into an ordered solid, characteristic of sub-mK temperatures, whereas the kinetic energies associated with the fast coherent motion in the trap are up to 7 orders of magnitude higher. Simulations with 1,0...

A single-vendor and a single-buyer integrated inventory model with ordering cost reduction dependent on lead time

Lead time is one of the major limits that affect planning at every stage of the supply chain system. In this paper, we study a continuous review inventory model. This paper investigates the ordering cost reductions are dependent on lead time. This study addressed two-echelon supply chain problem consisting of a single vendor and a single buyer. The main contribution of this study is that the in...

Confining Strings at High Temperature

We show that the high-temperature behaviour of the recently proposed confining strings reproduces exactly the correct large-N QCD result, for a large class of trun-cations of the long-range interaction between surface elements.

Equilibrium capillary forces with atomic force microscopy.

We present measurements of equilibrium forces resulting from capillary condensation. The results give access to the ultralow interfacial tensions between the capillary bridge and the coexisting bulk phase. We demonstrate this with solutions of associative polymers and an aqueous mixture of gelatin and dextran, with interfacial tensions around 10 microN/m. The equilibrium nature of the capillary...

Structure and Dynamics of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Systems: Colloidal Suspensions in Confining Light Fields